Julie Posetti, Jackie Harrison and Silvio Waisbord
The insidious problem of online violence against women journalists is increasingly spilling offline, with potentially deadly consequences, a new global survey suggests.
Twenty percent of women journalists and media workers who participated in the survey – run by the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) – reported being targeted with offline abuse and attacks that they believe were connected with online violence they had experienced.
Early results from our survey, which received 1210 responses, also point to a surge in rates of online violence against women journalists. Nearly three-quarters (73%) of participants identifying as women say that they have experienced online abuse, harassment, threats and attacks.
We are releasing these preliminary findings from our survey to mark the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. Online violence is the new frontline in journalism safety – and it’s particularly dangerous for women. They – just like women across society – experience higher levels of harassment, assault and abuse in their daily lives. Women journalists are also at much greater risk in the course of their work, especially on digital platforms. In the online environment, we see exponential attacks — at scale — on women journalists, particularly at the intersection of hate speech and disinformation.
Alarmingly, the risk extends to women journalists’ families, sources and audiences. Online attacks against women journalists are often accompanied by threats of harm to others connected to them, or those they interact with, as a means of extending the ‘chilling effect’ on their journalism.
In combination, misogyny and online violence are a real threat to women’s participation in journalism and public communication in the digital age. It’s both a genuine gender equality struggle, and a freedom of expression crisis that needs to be taken very seriously by all actors involved. We believe that collaborative, comprehensive, research-informed solutions are increasingly urgent.
A deadly threat that’s escalating
Twenty percent of the women journalists who responded to our survey reported experiencing abuse and attacks in the physical world that they believed were associated with online violence targeting them. This finding is particularly disturbing. It underlines the fact that online violence isn’t contained within the digital world. Frequently associated with orchestrated attacks designed to silence journalists, and fuelled by disinformation tactics, it also spills into the physical world – sometimes with deadly impacts.
In 2017, the Committee to Protect Journalists reported that in at least 40 percent of cases, journalists who were murdered reported receiving threats, including online, before they were killed, “highlighting the need for robust protection mechanisms.” The same year, two women journalists on opposite sides of the world were murdered for their work within six weeks of one another: celebrated Maltese investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia; and prominent Indian journalist Gauri Lankesh. Both had been the targets of prolific, gendered online attacks before they were murdered.
Parallels between patterns of online violence associated with Caruana Galizia’s death and that being experienced by another high profile target – Filippino-American journalist Maria Ressa – were so striking that when digital attacks against Ressa escalated earlier this year, the murdered journalist’s sons issued a public statement expressing their fears for Ressa’s safety. “This targeted harassment, chillingly similar to that perpetrated against Ressa, created the conditions for Daphne’s murder,” they wrote.
Likewise, the death of Lankesh, which was associated with online violence propelled by right -wing extremism, also drew international attention to the risks faced by another Indian journalist who is openly critical of her government: Rana Ayyub. She has faced mass circulation of rape and death threats online alongside false information designed to counter her critical reporting, discredit her, and place her at greater physical risk. Pointing to the emergence of a pattern, the targeting of Ayyub led five United Nations special rapporteurs to intervene in her defense.Their statement drew parallels with Lankesh’s case, and called on India’s political leaders to act to protect Ayyub, stating: “We are highly concerned that the life of Rana Ayyub is at serious risk following these graphic and disturbing threats.”
This trend of online attacks against women journalists only appears to be increasing over time. Back in 2014, when these issues first began to attract mainstream media attention, a survey of nearly 1000 women journalists conducted by the International Women’s Media Foundation (IWMF) and the International News Safety Institute (INSI), which was supported by UNESCO, found that 23% of women respondents had experienced ‘intimidation, threats or abuse’ online in relation to their work. A follow-up survey conducted by IWMF and Trollbusters in 2018, involving a smaller but still substantial sample, found that 63% of women respondents had been harassed or abused online at least once. By contrast, the new UNESCO-ICFJ survey that is the focus of this article found that 73% of women journalists and media workers who responded had experienced online violence. Although these surveys cannot be directly compared, viewed collectively, the pattern reflects other research suggesting that gendered online violence against women journalists has worsened significantly over the past decade.
The COVID-19 pandemic and social media risks are exacerbating the problem
Physical violence against women has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, in what is called the ‘shadow pandemic’. At the same time, online violence against women journalists also appears to be on the rise. In another global survey, conducted earlier this year by ICFJ and the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University as part of the Journalism and Pandemic Project, 16 percent of women respondents[1] said online abuse and harassment was “much worse than normal.”
This finding likely reflects the escalating levels of hostility and violence towards journalists seen during the pandemic – fuelled by populist and authoritarian politicians who have frequently doubled as disinformation peddlers. Significantly, one in 10 English language respondents to the ICFJ-Tow Center’s Journalism and the Pandemic survey indicated that they had been abused – on or offline – by a politician or elected official during the first three months of the pandemic. Another relevant factor is that the ‘socially distanced’ reporting methods necessitated by coronavirus have caused journalists to rely more heavily on social media channels for both newsgathering and audience engagement purposes. And these increasingly toxic spaces are the main enablers of viral online violence against women.
This conundrum – the need for women journalists to participate in online communities to do their jobs, even as these spaces grow increasingly unsafe – has become more urgent over time. The INSI-IWMF survey we mentioned earlier found that 88 percent of respondents felt their work had grown more dangerous because of the advent of social media and its role in audience engagement and news distribution. Since then, research has increasingly focused on the role and responsibility (or lack thereof) of social media companies as facilitators of online violence against women journalists.
Since 2016, several studies have concluded that some women journalists are withdrawing from frontline reporting, removing themselves from public online conversations, quitting their jobs, and evening abandoning journalism in response to their experience of online violence. There is even evidence of women journalism students being deterred from pursuing a career in the field because of their experiences of online toxicity, or their knowledge of the risks of exposure to online violence in the course of their work. In parallel, this crisis is making women sources less likely to speak online and we have also seen evidence of the retreat of female audiences from online engagement.
However, there have also been numerous cases of women journalists fighting back against online violence, refusing to retreat or be silenced, even when speaking up has made them bigger targets.
What can be done now to respond to this crisis?
It is vitally important for news organisations to have gender-sensitive policies, guidelines, training, and leadership responses. Together, these measures must ensure awareness of the problem, build the capacity to deal with it, and trigger action to protect women journalists in the course of their work. These strategies also need to be connected and holistic in the sense that they bridge physical, digital and psychological threats and address them accordingly. For example, as we’ve discussed, we know that physical attacks on women journalists are frequently preceded by online threats made against them. These can include threats of physical or sexual assault and murder, as well as digital security attacks designed to expose them to greater risk. And such threats – even without being followed by physical assault – often involve very real psychological impacts and injuries.
So, when a woman journalist is threatened with violence online, this should be taken very seriously. She should be provided with both physical safety support (including increased security when necessary), psychological support (including access to counselling services), and digital security triage and training (including cybersecurity and privacy measures). But she should also be well supported by her editorial managers, who should signal to staff that these issues are serious and will be responded to decisively, including with legal and law enforcement intervention where appropriate.
The stigma needs to be removed from women journalists’ both feeling and expressing the impacts of all kinds of online violence they encounter in their work. In particular, we need to be very cautious about suggesting that women journalists need to build resilience or “grow a thicker skin” in order to survive this work-related threat to their safety. They’re being attacked for daring to speak. For daring to report. For doing their jobs. The onus shouldn’t be on women journalists to “just put up with it” any more than we would suggest in 2020 that physical sexual harassment or sexual assault are acceptable career risks for women, or risks which they should take responsibility for preventing.
The question that needs to be asked instead is: How do we protect women journalists from exposure to such violence in their course of their work, or at least minimise it? The answers ultimately lie not in temporary measures like requiring them to retreat from digital journalism practices, including audience engagement. The solutions lie in structural changes to the information ecosystem designed to combat online toxicity generally and exponential attacks against journalists, in particular.
This will require rich and powerful social media companies living up to their responsibilities within international human rights frameworks, which are explicitly designed to protect press freedom and secure journalism safety. It will also require them to deal decisively, transparently and appropriately with disinformation and hate speech on the platforms as it affects journalists. This will likely mean that these companies need to accept their function as publishers of news. In doing so, they would inherit an obligation to improve their audience curation, fact-checking and anti-hate speech standards. Regulatory work is also likely to be a feature of this process.
Ultimately, collaboration and cooperation that spans big tech, newsrooms, civil society organisations, research entities, policymakers and the legal and judicial communities will be required. Only then can concrete action be pursued.
About the UNESCO-ICFJ survey
The survey, which was fielded in five languages (Arabic, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese) attracted 1210 participants from around the world. It was conducted over a seven week period, ending in mid-November 2020. Respondents were recruited via professional journalism networks and media development organisations and they include cohorts of UNESCO and ICFJ programme participants. The survey results are non-generalizable because they are based on a self-selecting group of journalists and other media workers. However, the survey represents the biggest international audit of online violence against women journalists to date, and it presents an unprecedented global snapshot of the manifestations, impacts and responses to the problem due the linguistic and geographic diversity of the participants.
Additional findings from the comprehensive survey will be published in the coming months.
It’s part of an ongoing global study commissioned by UNESCO to map the impacts of online violence against women journalists internationally, and surface effective measures to combat the problem. We are focused in particular on intersectional experiences and impacts – for example, where racism and bigotry overlap with misogyny as features of online attacks against women journalists. And we are also emphasising the much-neglected Global South perspective in our research.
We believe this research will make a valuable contribution to both the body of knowledge about the crisis of online violence against women journalists and, most importantly, efforts to combat it. If effective measures to combat the problem are not found, the consequences will include women journalists being less visible, their voices being less audible, and fewer women engaging in public conversation online. That would be a major blow to freedom of expression, participative democracy in the digital age, and diversity in the news media – at a time when gender and racial diversity are recognised critical elements of journalism’s 21st century transformation.
Note: Our project has received financial support from UNESCO’s Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists and the Swedish Postcode Lottery Foundation. It is also aided by partner organisations, including the Dart Center Asia Pacific, the International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), and the Ethical Journalism Network (EJN), along with Advisory Board Members from the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), the International Women’s Media Foundation (IWMF) and the International Press Institute (IPI).
About the authors: Dr. Julie Posetti is Global Director of Research at the International Center for Journalists, where she leads the UNESCO-commissioned online violence project. She’s also a senior researcher affiliated with the Center for Freedom of the Media at the University of Sheffield, and the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford; Professor Jackie Harrison is Chair of the Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield and UNESCO Chair on Media Freedom, Journalism Safety and the Issue of Impunity; Silvio Waisbord is Director and Professor in the School of Media and Public Affairs at the George Washington University.
Johann Petrak assisted with data analysis. He is a Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Sheffield.
This article may be reproduced under the terms of Creative Commons-Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)
[1] Based on a gender-disaggregated sample of nearly 2100 respondents to a survey conducted in seven languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish), which was fielded through closed networks by ICFJ and the Tow Center between May and July 2020
